Earliest record of appearance of HIV-1 antibodies in frozen blood sera is from 1963 in Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta). In 1960 Africa was in the midst of decolonialization and civil war with United Nations troops on the ground. In 1958, a sailor from Manchester, England, died of what was later identified as AIDS, and 'twas also in 1958 that a new phenomenon of total immune deficiency began cropping up in patients with leukemia. In 1956 there was a Middle East conflict involving Britain, France, and the Soviet Union on the sidelines... the Soviet Union told the Europeans to back out or be nuked. Under pressure from the U.S., the Europeans did back out. In 1958 another immune deficiency disease, Burkitt's lymphoma, showed up in central Africa. In 1960 unprecedented joint meetings were held between American and Soviet molecular virologists. In 1960, the U.S. instituted an FDA ban of vaccines produced on monkey kidney tissue.