Path: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!news.kodak.com!news-nysernet-16.sprintlink.net!news-east.sprintlink.net!news-peer.sprintlink.net!news-backup-east.sprintlink.net!news.sprintlink.net!128.122.253.90!newsfeed.nyu.edu!novia!sequencer.newscene.com!not-for-mail From: pschleck@novia.net (Paul W. Schleck K3FU) Newsgroups: rec.radio.amateur.misc,rec.radio.info,rec.answers,news.answers Subject: Amateur Radio: Elmers Resource Directory Part 5/6 [R-S] Supersedes: Followup-To: poster Date: 2 Nov 1998 03:02:54 -0600 Organization: Amateur Radio Station K3FU Lines: 1948 Approved: rec.radio.info-moderator@primenet.com, news-answers-request@MIT.Edu Distribution: world Expires: 07 Dec 98 09:00:53 -0000 Message-ID: References: Reply-To: elmers-request@novia.net (Elmers List Administrivia Mailbox) Summary: A list of mentors, experts, and gurus for the various technical subjects that come up in this newsgroup. Keywords: FAQ, ham, amateur, radio, FTP, WWW, elmer Xref: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu rec.radio.amateur.misc:164502 rec.radio.info:14007 rec.answers:44921 news.answers:143516 Posted-By: auto-faq 3.3 (Perl 5.004) Archive-name: radio/ham-radio/elmers/list/part5 Posting-Frequency: posted on the first Monday of each month URL: http://www.novia.net/~pschleck/elmers/ -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- (Continued from previous part.) _________________________________________________________________ - R - _________________________________________________________________ James Redding KB7UIX kb7uix@amsat.org AX.25: KB7UIX@WB7TLS.AZ.USA.NOAM http://www.primenet.com/~cracked/ Tucson, AZ USA * Antennas (VHF/UHF) * Batteries * IBM PC's * Internet Services * Novice/Tech Instruction * Packet and Digital Networking * Portable * VHF/UHF _________________________________________________________________ Terrence R. Redding W6LMJ reddingt@oltraining.com AX.25: W6LMJ@WB4MOZ.FL.USA.NA http://www.flinet.com/~redding/W6LMJ/ Voice: +1 (561) 439-7790 Work: +1 (561) 357-0841 FAX: +1 (561) 357-0842 Modem: +1 (561) 439-5546 2470 Gabriel Lane West Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA * Antennas (HF/Wire/Beams/Yagis/Quads) * Apple Macintosh Computer * HF * Internet Services * SAREX Educational Advisor to the American Radio Relay League I specialize in developing growth in volunteer organizations and have published and made public presentations on this subject. I have written and published training/educational curriculums for Novice, and Tech Plus amateur radio licenses. Of interest is the fact that amateurs licensed through my courses are very likely to upgrade as evidenced by the high number of hams in the Lawton, Oklahoma area that hold Extra Class licenses. I organized and conducted a SAREX in southwest Oklahoma that involved over 3,000 students in 21 schools in seven cities of southwest Oklahoma. The SAREX consisted of an essay contest with the winners being able to ask questions of the astronauts while they orbited the earth. The live SAREX was broadcasts over the Lawton, Oklahoma Public School systems cable television to the public in southwest Oklahoma. More recently I have been involved in securing building permits in Florida to put up amateur radio towers in this highly restrictive State. _________________________________________________________________ Tony Reeves AB6GA areeves@goodnet.com http://www.goodnet.com/~areeves/ Voice: +1 (520) 445-3329 FAX: +1 (520) 445-8472 1815 Buena Vista Trail Prescott, AZ 86301 USA * Antennas (Wire) * HF/DX * Field Day * IBM PC's * Internet Services * Novice/Tech Instruction * UNIX * Volunteer Examiner (ARRL VEC) I no longer have the HAM BBS setup, however, I am here to help answer any questions about the subjects above or help a new person get started. _________________________________________________________________ Jerry Rego KE7YG jerry.rego@usa.net jerryrego@aol.com Voice: +1 (914) 446-9400 ext 121 Alt. Voice: +1 (757) 238-9526 Work: +1 (914) 271-7318 23221 Villa Ct. D Carrollton, VA 23321 USA * Antennas (MF/HF/VHF/UHF/Wire/Homebrew/Repair) * Antique and Older Equipment * Apple Macintosh Computer * Batteries * CW * Field Day * HF/DX * Homebrewing * Novice/Tech Instruction * Power Supplies * Electrical Safety * RF Safety * VHF * FCC General Radio Telephone License (former First Class License) * Former Coast Guard Warrant Officer and Radio Electrician * Current Instrument and Controls Engineer, Consolidated Edison * Current Battalion Signal Officer, 2nd Brigade, VADF * Certified, NABER and ANSI 45.2 Level III Engineer I am a consulting engineer, which takes me to various locations. My home address is shown above and in the call book. I can answer E-mail (as everyone knows) from anywhere that I may be. Don't know where you are going to use a old horse like myself. I am part of the old and part of the new displine. I have fabricated all my wire antennas which includes the matching device (transformer) and been building equipment for more than a quarter of a century. I also manage to repair all my equipment - when parts are available. I restore early age broadcast receivers and HF transceivers. I know the old Heathkit HW100 and HW101 very well and built a Heathkit 5400 transceiver with matching Power Supply. I have constructed many amplifiers and own a Swan, Collins (S-Line), Kenwood, Heathkit, and Johnson. I am very active in the two meter band. In addition, I have restored many an old Coleman Lanterns (which is very enjoyable) and also have some American Gas Machine Lanterns (1930's). _________________________________________________________________ Ronaldo (Rony) Reis PS7AB ps7ab@digi.com.br Ponta Negra Beach County, BRAZIL Brazil Ham World-Wide Web Page: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/4621/ (Featuring a wide variety of information about amateur radio and shortwave listening in Brazil.) _________________________________________________________________ Peter Reynolds KE4ABD Peter Reynolds (KE4BAD) E-mail: reynolds@nc3a.nato.int Voice: +31 70-314-2409 FAX: +31 70-314-2176 Senior Scientist, Radio Branch, Communications Division NATO C3 Agency, P.O. Box 174, 2501CD The Hague THE NETHERLANDS CompuServe: pdreynolds@compuserve.com http://www.xs4all.nl/~pdr123/pdr-home.htm I am very lucky in that I earn my living in radio communications, so my expertise is fairly broad (but not focused on amateur techniques only): * Modulation types - FSK, PSK, MSK * Error control - various types of ARQ and FEC systems * RF - Antennas, HF propagation * Networking - TCP/IP over HF * Frequency bands: VLF, LF, HF, VHF, UHF, SHF This is a very brief synopsis of the areas that I have dealt with over the years. I always enjoy discussing and researching a communications problem so if you don't see it listed above drop me a line anyway, especially if you happen to be in Europe. _________________________________________________________________ Randall Rhea KG0HW randall@informix.com http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/rhea/hamradio.htm Coppell, Texas USA * Antennas (Wire/Homebrew/Mobile/Indoor) * UNIX * VHF * Six Meters * Icom 706, 735, and 726 Six Meter VHF Band Frequently-Asked Questions (FAQ) World-Wide Web Page: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/rhea/sixmeter.htm _________________________________________________________________ Edward (Ed) Richards K6UUZ jsrich@roses.sparks.nv.us 343 Gault Way Sparks, NV 89431 USA * Antennas (MF/HF/VHF/UHF/Wire/Beams/Yagis/Log Periodic/Computer Simulation/Design/Homebrew/Repair/Mobile/Portable/Indoor/Other) * Antique and Older Equipment * Commercial Service Equipment * Equipment Testing/Troubleshooting * HF * Homebrewing * Mobile/Portable * Novice/Tech Instruction * Power Supplies * Repeaters * Towers * VHF/UHF I build the only coaxial antenna I have seen for amateur radio. I experiment with antennas from 80m to 440MHz. I am a retired 2-way radio senior technician with 25 years of service with Motorola C&E repairing, installing, and testing, of commercial 2-way radio equipment including pagers, portables, mobiles, base and control stations, repeaters, CCTV, communications consoles, remote control equipment, microwave and multiplex. I am familiar with the test equipment required to perform these duties. I write technical articles for our club newsletter. I am competent with both tube and transistor circuitry. I hold or have held an Extra Class Amateur Radio License, a First Class Commercial Radiotelephone License, a General Class Commercial Radiotelephone License, a California State Contractors License Class C63 (Communications), and two CET Certificates. _________________________________________________________________ George Richardson WB6HOZ wb6hoz@amsat.org Voice: +1 (805) 569-5700 (Voice Mail) Work: +1 (805) 965-9896 FAX: +1 (805) 965-1026 P.O. Box 3232 Santa Barbara, CA 93130-3232 USA * ARES * AMSAT * Antennas (MF/HF/VHF/UHF/Microwave/Wire/Beams/Yagis/Dishes/Computer Simulation and Design/Mobile/Other) * Antique and Older Equipment * Antique Wireless Association (AWA) * Apple Macintosh Computer * Batteries * BBS's * CAP * Commercial Service Equipment * HF/Contesting/DX * CW * DSP * EME * Equipment Testing/Troubleshooting * Homebrewing * IBM PC's * Internet Services * LF * 160 Meters * Microwave * Mobile/Portable/Field Day * NTS * Novice/Tech Instruction * OSCAR * Packet and Digital Networking * Part-15 Broadcasting * Power Supplies * QRP * QCWA * RFI * RTTY * Repeaters * RF Safety * Seminars/Lectures * ATV * Towers * VHF/UHF * Volunteer Examiner (ARRL VEC) President, Santa Barbara (California) Amateur Radio Club (SBARC) SBARC World-Wide Web Page: http://www.sbarc.org/ The Santa Barbara Amateur Radio Club is an educational non-profit 501c-3 corporation. It represents a membership of over 400 members, operates several VHF/UHF repeaters and a club station, provides the financial support to local ARES, and presents amateur radio classes and a follow on Elmers Program. _________________________________________________________________ Homer Richardson WB5ASP hrichardson@tislink.com Work: +1 (601) 833-4126 FAX/Modem: +1 (601) 833-2659 1545 Friendship Lane NW Brookhaven, MS 39601 USA * HF/DX * Packet and Digital Networking * RTTY * Chemical Safety * Seminars/Lectures * Volunteer Examiner I teach radio classes for new hams and primarily work with HF with special interest in DX and the digital modes. _________________________________________________________________ W. E. Richardson KB6TLU kb6tlu@ctaz.com * ARES/RACES * Antique and Older Equipment * Packet and Digital Networking _________________________________________________________________ Thomas Dwaine Riddell WB4AIA driddell@kih.net Voice/FAX: +1 (606) 723-4500 Work: +1 (606) 723-5841 407 Poplar St. Ravenna, KY 40472 USA P.O. Box 270 Irvine, KY 40336 USA (for Ham related info) * ARES * Novice/Tech Instruction * Repeaters * Volunteer Examiner (WCARS VEC) I am the Assistant Principal at Estill County High School in Irvine, KY and have been in the education business for the past 23 years. I enjoy helping people earn their ham radio license privileges. I have a test team with the WCARS group and have been testing for a good number of years. We have tested over 300 hams during the last three years. I also have been in the repeater business since 1973 (146.820) and have held a ham license longer that any other resident of Estill County Kentucky. I am the fourth ham to be licensed in our community, the other three have either become Silent Keys or moved from our county. I am very proud to have held a ticket for almost thirty years. I hope through my experience with the local emergency team, I can also provide advice on EMS. I founded the local Rescue Squad in 1978 and am still President of the corporation. I was also the local DES Coordinator from 1977-1993. _________________________________________________________________ Bruce Rifleman NE4E ne4e@ipass.net +1 (919) 467-4655 Cary, NC USA * Antennas (Wire/Portable/Indoor) * CW * HF/DX * IBM PC's * Internet Services * QRP _________________________________________________________________ Chuck Rippel WA4HHG crippel@exis.net Secretary, Collins Collectors Association The Collins Collectors Association would like to invite those of you who have an interest in Collins Radio to subscribe to the now fully automated Collins Reflector. This service is sponsored by the CCA and is provided at no charge to Collins enthusiasts. There is an FAQ which will hopefully be sent to each new subscriber when they "sign on." If you would like one and don't get it, drop me an E-mail at my address above. There may be a few initial bumps and glitches at first but we hope those of you who choose to participate will enjoy it. As of 1/6/97, the Collins Reflector will be fully automated and I will discontinue forwarding the mail manually as in the past. The new automated list processor will be a real upgrade. It will enable you to get the material in nearly real time and does not require me to forward each message manually. You will get the material much quicker than before. The Collins Listserver behaves much like the Boatanchors list. Simply, you subscribe to the list, send it messages which it then "reflects" back out to all those who subscribe. This is done once every ten minutes. You must resubscribe to the new listserver in order to continue to participate. The automated list server follows the same guidelines contained in the CCA FAQ. Please continue to follow those guidelines for posting and contributing. Here is how to subscribe: Send an E-mail message to: listserv@listserv.tempe.gov Leave the subject header of the message blank and in the BODY, simply type: subscribe collins The listprocessor will output an E-mail message back to you with easy to follow instructions asking for your confirmation. At that time, you will be asked to send a second E-mail message to the listserver. Follow those instructions exactly and send the second, confirmation, message to the listserver. If all is successful, you will be signed up to the list and a complete set of instructions will be sent back to you in the form of an E-mail by the automated list server. Finally, a very big thanks to Dave Kelly, AI7R and the City of Tempe, AZ who have graciously provided and set up the server. Dave and the Collins Collectors Association sponsor the Collins Reflector as a no charge benefit for Collins afficionados everywhere. Enjoy! _________________________________________________________________ Al Roberson WQ4R alr@airnet.net Voice: +1 (205) 586-2081 Work: +1 (205) 842-2318 122 Brookwood Cir., N.E. Arab, AL 35016 USA * Antennas (HF/VHF/UHF/Wire/Beams/Yagis/Log Periodic/Design/Homebrew/Repair/Mobile/Portable) * CW * Equipment Testing/Troubleshooting * Field Day * HF * Homebrewing * Mobile * Novice/Tech Instruction * Power Supplies * RFI * Towers * Volunteer Examiner (Central Alabama VEC) * Youth _________________________________________________________________ Mary E. Robertson N7IAL mcarcia@arrl.org ARRL/ARRL Foundation, Inc. 225 Main Street Newington, CT 06111 USA ARRL E-mail Information Server and Online Services SysOp (info@arrl.org) Many amateur radio informational documents are available from the ARRL E-mail Information Server (or Info Server for short). To find out how to use the Info Server, send E-mail to info@arrl.org with any subject (it is ignored) and the following text in the BODY of the message: HELP QUIT I also manage the ARRL's presence on America Online (HQARRL1) and CompuServe (70007,3373). Program for the Disabled Coordinator (Contact me for disability-related information) Secretary, ARRL Foundation, Inc. (Contact me for information about the Foundation's many programs, including scholarships and grants, at foundation@arrl.org) ARRL Foundation World-Wide Web Page: http://www.arrl.org/arrlf/ See Jon Bloom's entry for information about the ARRL World-Wide Web Home Page. _________________________________________________________________ Johnny Robinson KC0AOC jrobin04@mail.orion.org fatherjr@te-lair.com Work: +1 (417) 863-8066 800 South National Springfield, MO 65804-0034 USA or P.O. Box 50743 Springfield, MO 65805-0743 USA * IBM PC's * Internet Services * Mobile * RACES/SKYWARN * Chemical Safety * Seminars/Lectures * Emergency Medical Technician-Instructor * Radiation (Defense) Officer * Radiation Monitor-Instructor * HAZMAT * Emergency Services Technician _________________________________________________________________ Honorio Lopez Rodriguez XE2HLR cmpcgve@debate.com.mx MEXICO * ARES/RACES * Commercial Service Equipment * HF * Tucson Amateur Packet Radio (TAPR) * VHF _________________________________________________________________ "Buck" Rogers K4ABT k4abt@packetradio.com buck4abt@inmind.com Packet Radio Networking World-Wide Web Page: http://www.packetradio.com/ http://www.packetradio.org/ http://www.sedan.org/ To open the pages, a Packet Radio Glossary that I began writing in 1988, and updated as new mnemonics and acronyms were added to the Packet jargon, is at: http://www.packetradio.com/glossary.htm Next there is the "original" Packet Radio Primer for the Novice or beginning Packet Radio operator at: http://www.packetradio.com/primer.htm Since 1996, the TNC to Transceiver diagrams from these pages are the most used and imitated on the WWW. I maintain these drawings directly from the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM's) and insure they are of the latest makes and models. These interface diagrams are at: http://www.packetradio.com/tnc2rad.htm These interface drawings are taken from over 14 years of the PACKET USERS NOTEBOOK column in CQ Magazine. In addition, I've included many TNC and transceiver 9600 baud modifications at: http://www.packetradio.com/9600mods.htm I've included several zip files of the latest X-1J4 Rev C code and Packet Radio terminal programs. This site contains information and instructions that enable the reader and user to build and configure a Packet Radio network. Complete with the TNC changes and MODS plus both user level and backbone node parameter suggestions, at: http://www.packetradio.com/network.htm The parameters and mode guidelines are at: http://www.packetradio.com/x1j4pram.htm To round out these pages to be the most helpful to all Amateurs, there are pages that describe "How to...": * Design and build antennas, complete with drawings and formulas * Build a superb ground system for your QTH, node/repeater, or comm site * Build a solar powered site where no utility mains are present * A coaxial cable table for the most used Coax by Amateurs * WX Watch and SKYWARN links * A Packet Radio bandplan * An online callbook lookup link * Hamfest Calendar * Network maps of the 11 State SEDAN emergency comm network and much, much more. _________________________________________________________________ Scott Rosenfeld NF3I ham@w3eax.umd.edu Voice: +1 (301) 549-1022 Work: +1 (301) 982-1015 FAX: +1 (301) 982-1571 4015 Sparrow House Lane Burtonsville, MD 20866-1333 USA * Antennas (HF/Wire/Design/Homebrew/Mobile/Portable/Indoor) * Batteries * College Clubs * CW * Equipment Testing/Troubleshooting * HF/DX/Contesting * Homebrewing * IBM PC's * Mobile/Portable/Field Day * Novice/Tech Instruction * QRP * Seminars/Lectures * Volunteer Examiner (Laurel and W5YI VEC) I have been a ham since 15. I have been an Extra class operator since age 17, and a VE since age 18. [_Editor's note:_ Possibly the youngest Contact VE ever.] I am an avid HF QRP (low power) and mobile operator. I have spent literally hundreds of hours installing my mobile station (IC-706 and Screwdriver antenna, plus more grounding straps than I can remember) in my 1995 Neon. Most of the time I operate QRP CW mobile. Why? It challenges my operating skills as much as possible, plus QRP is safer (RF-wise) than is 100 or 1500 watts. With the effects of RF exposure still unknown, I don't feel like exposing myself to high-power RF fields any more than necessary, and if 3 watts will do the job, so be it, I'll emit it. In addition, people are generally amazed when you mention that not only are you running just 3 measly watts output power, and on top of that you're doing it from your car as it's zipping down the Interstate at 65 mph. They just can't believe it's possible that less power than a nightlight is bouncing off the ionosphere and ground three times, and is still able to be detected 10,000 miles away. I'm here to tell them it is. I enjoy building kits, and consider myself to be a good builder. I am a fair contest operator, and enjoy 35 WPM CW ragchews as well as hunting for DX. I am active with both the Laurel (Maryland) and University of Maryland Amateur Radio Clubs, and operate with both during public service events. I have been the chief HF operator at University of Maryland HF-related events (Field Day and Sweepstakes) for the past three years. As a Volunteer Examiner, I have conducted roughly 150 test sessions, testing at minimum a thousand applicants. I have recently given Novice/Technician license instruction, as well as taught a 5 WPM code class. I have been told that I have a knack for describing complex subjects in ways that make them far easier for laypeople to understand. _________________________________________________________________ Ronald Rossi KK1L rrossi@btv.ibm.com http://www.together.net/~larossi/kk1l.html Voice: +1 (802) 868-3104 Work: +1 (802) 769-7477 RR1 Box 1543 Swanton, VT 05488-9713 USA * Antennas (HF/Wire/Beams/Yagis/Homebrew) * CW * Equipment Testing/Troubleshooting * Field Day * HF/Contesting/DX * Homebrewing * IBM PC's * RACES * RFI * Towers * Volunteer Examiner (ARRL and W5YI VEC) My favorite aspect of amateur radio is contesting. It drives my station improvements and operating proficiency. I have played around with antennas and made various station modifications to improve my contact efficiency. Along the way I have solved some RFI problems, built many of my station accessories, installed and built some HF antennas, put up a small (40') tower, etc. I volunteer as a RACES operator in no particular capacity. I help with a few VE test sessions a year mostly representing the ARRL VEC with the Burlington ARC team. I work as a SRAM design/product engineer at IBM Microelectronics in Essex Junction, Vermont. I have been interested in electronics and computers since a young age, but only got my amateur radio license in 1993 as a Technician at the age of 31. I got to know the code and upgraded to Extra in February of 1994. _________________________________________________________________ Nick Ruggiano WB2ZVP nr003@aol.com +1 (609) 767-9856 * Antennas (MF/HF/VHF/UHF/Wire/Beams/Yagis/Homebrew/repair/Mobile/Portable) * Antique and Older Equipment * Batteries * Commercial Service Equipment * CW * Equipment Testing/Troubleshooting * HF/DX * Homebrewing * IBM PC's * Mobile/Portable/Field Day * Power Supplies * QRP * Radio Control (RC) * RFI * Electrical Safety * Towers * VHF/UHF I have been a ham for over 30 years and have over 25 years experience repairing HF, VHF, and UHF radio equipment. _________________________________________________________________ Henry Ruh KB9FO atvq@aol.com Amateur Television Quarterly (ATVQ) Magazine The magazine's E-mail address and mine are the same: ATVQ. There is also a ham radio section for "manufacturers and dealers" on America On-Line in which we list Amateur Television Quarterly, as expert and manufacturer. That is where most of the Frequently-Asked Questions (FAQ's) come from. Most FAQ's are answered in one of two books we published. ATV Secrets for Aspiring ATV'ers is a non technical book, and Volume II is a 300-page technical manual with theory and projects for all equipment necessary to operate an ATV station. Prices in US funds are $9.95 and $24.95 plus postage ($3.10). Most of your inquires can be answered by either of these two books. I am also compiling a set of W6ORG Notes, a regular column in ATVQ, which answers many of the technical FAQ's on various equipment and operations. This will be available for $9.95 also. I can Elmer on most subjects, but not spread spectrum or packet. _________________________________________________________________ John M. Rymell N3PFF jrymell@bloomu.edu n3pff@csrlink.net Voice: +1 (717) 546-2721 Work: +1 (717) 389-4099 RR7 Box 305 Muncy, PA 17756 Lycoming County USA * ARES/RACES/SKYWARN * Antennas (MF/HF/VHF/Wire/Beams/Yagis/Mobile) * Antique and Older Equipment * College Clubs * CW * Equipment Testing/Troubleshooting * Portable/Field Day * HF/Contesting/DX * Homebrewing * LF * NACEC * Novice/Tech Instruction * Packet and Digital Networking * QRP * RFI * RTTY * Repeaters * Scouting * VHF I have nearly 30 years experience in electronic/computer service work. I enjoy designing, building, and operating vacuum tube and solid state equipment. I restore, test, repair, and operate antique radio equipment. The maximum power I use for daily operations is always below 100w, and most of the time, I operate at QRP (5w) or less! (More with less.) I have a real enthusiasm for building just about anything from nothing, as part of the homebrew aspect of the hobby. When not working DX, enjoying a good contest, or have a great time on Field Day, I watch over my 6m repeater, or work VHF packet. I am glad to be of help to those in need! I fully support the Elmer program as a means to bring new people into Amateur Radio. I teach Novice and Tech classes for aspiring Amateurs. I am also a merit badge instructor for the scouting program, and the advisor for the Bloomsburg University Amateur Radio Club. * Radio Officer and Chairman of Operations Committee for Lycoming County, Pennsylvania ARES/RACES/SKYWARN program * Assistant EC for my local district, and Pennsylvania State Director for NACEC * President of Keystone Amateur Radio Association (KARA) * President of The Bald Eagle Repeater Association _________________________________________________________________ - S - _________________________________________________________________ Paul St. George stgeorgep@huachuca-emh12.army.mil U.S. Army MARS Official World-Wide Web Page: http://www.asc.army.mil/mars/ _________________________________________________________________ Bob Salnick WA9BVE salnick@dejavu.spk.wa.us Spokane, WA USA * Antennas (HF/VHF/Wire/Mobile) * Antique and Older Equipment * HF * Homebrewing * Chemical Safety I can help people with HF stuff, cheap antennas, and am willing to help troubleshoot problems with rigs. I believe that one of the pillars of ham radio - construction/ understanding at the burn-your-hand-with-a-soldering-iron level - is drifting out of ham radio. With Japanese radios which cost so much, fewer and fewer hams are willing to risk their warranty to service their own equipment. I would like to see a turn-around here... _________________________________________________________________ Raymond Sarrio WB6SIV wb6siv@cyberg8t.com Advice on Antennas, Equipment, and the Internet Qualifications: * Licensed since 1966 * Extra Class * WWW Webmaster * CW/HF Operator * Creator of the _When All Else Fails--Amateur Radio_ Shirt Owner of a Full-Purpose Ham Radio World-Wide Web Site: (The Raymond Sarrio Co.) http://www.sarrio.com/ Please direct any feedback, submissions, or administrivia regarding these resources to my E-mail address above. _________________________________________________________________ Donna Sawkins VE7AAR (ex-K7LPZ) ve7aar@mag-net.com Prince George, British Columbia Canada * DX/Contesting * CW * Field Day _________________________________________________________________ Tom Schaefer NY4I toms@inconnect.com http://www.inconnect.com/~toms/ Voice: +1 (801) 569-2664 Work: +1 (801) 954-4584 1155 E. Promontory Way, Apt. B-102 Sandy, UT 84094 USA * Antennas (HF/Wire/Mobile/Indoor) * Apple Macintosh Computer * CW * HF/Contesting/DX * IBM PC's * Mobile/Field Day * Novice/Tech Instruction * Repeaters * Seminars/Lectures * Volunteer Examiner (ARRL and W5YI VEC) I have been licensed for almost 20 years and have seen quite a bit. I deal mostly with helping new hams get going on HF including helping with antenna projects, etc. I have taught novice classes in the past and continue to do so. I also have extensive experience with the VEC program including starting the Dunedin ARA VE team. _________________________________________________________________ Paul W. Schleck K3FU pschleck@novia.net (finger pschleck@novia.net for PGP Public Key) http://www.novia.net/~pschleck/ Internet Services (Finding FAQ's, using Usenet, FTP, telnet, Archie, FTP mail-servers, mailing lists, etc., etc.) Club Activities, Examinations, and other events in the Omaha/Lincoln/Council Bluffs (Eastern Nebraska/Western Iowa) area. Also willing to provide newsreader kill/select file help to anyone interested in customizing their presentation of the rec.radio.* newsgroups I would be particularly interested in mentoring/training new FAQ/Info maintainers for the rec.radio.* newsgroups (see also John Seney for FAQ maintenance opportunities). To paraphrase Zack Lau, I can't post it all myself! I have taken over maintenance of the Perl-based auto-faq FAQ management and posting package from Ian Kluft and would be happy to guide new FAQ authors in its use. The latest version, 3.3, is available via anonymous FTP from: ftp://ftp.novia.net/customers/pschleck/auto-faq/ The auto-faq-users mailing list has also been re-sited at Novia. To subscribe, send E-mail to auto-faq-users-request@novia.net with: subscribe auto-faq-users in the message BODY. An acknowledgment message will follow shortly. To unsubscribe, replace the above command with: unsubscribe auto-faq-users Recently I undertook some academic research into packet radio using KA9Q's Multiple-Access/Collision Avoidance (MACA) link-layer protocol. I attempted a literature survey as well as some software simulations of the protocol (with varying degrees of success). I would welcome any opportunities to improve on my work, find out about any actual MACA implementations, share information, and build on my bibliography (available on request). More information about MACA may be obtained from: http://www.novia.net/~pschleck/wireless.html College Clubs Maintainer of this list Please direct all Elmers List submissions, feedback, and administrivia to elmers-request@novia.net. _________________________________________________________________ Aaron D. Schmitz KB0YKI aschmitz@marktwain.net kb0yki@qsl.net http://www.marktwain.net/~aschmitz/ +1 (573) 494-3549 Route 1, Box 31 Ewing, MO 63440 USA * Antennas (VHF/UHF/Beams/Yagis/Homebrew) * Apple Macintosh Computer * Homebrewing * IBM PC's * Packet and Digital Networking _________________________________________________________________ Bob Schnick K3TE k3te@qsl.net http://www.qsl.net/k3te/ Erie, PA USA * Antennas (HF) * CW * QRP * Volunteer Examiner (ARRL VEC) _________________________________________________________________ Paul A. Scholz W6PYK luap@webtv.net +1 (707) 554-1241 64 Benson Lane Cotati, CA 94931 USA (Sonoma County, 55 miles north of the Golden Gate Bridge on Highway 101) * Antennas (LF/MF/HF/VHF/Log Periodic/Mobile/Portable) * Electrical Safety * Novice/Tech Instruction * Towers _________________________________________________________________ Michael Schumacher N9HOU mike@lnd.com * Antennas (VHF/UHF/Beams/Yagis/Mobile) * Towers _________________________________________________________________ Rodney L. Scribner KA1RFD ka1rfd@juno.com AX.25: KA1RFD@W1TLC.ME.USA.NOAM 150 Green St., Apt. 10 Augusta, ME 04330 USA * Antennas * CW * ARES/RACES * NTS Traffic Nets * Packet and Digital Networking * Volunteer Examiner ARRL - Maine Affiliated Club Coordinator (ACC) Maine RACES Director Member, OOTC - Old Old Timers Club _________________________________________________________________ Thomas C. Sefranek WA1RHP tcs@cmcorp.com http://www.cmcorp.com/ Voice: +1 (978) 425-6672 Work: +1 (508) 448-6401 FAX: +1 (508) 448-6321 112 Great Road Shirley, MA 01464 USA * Antennas (HF/VHF/UHF/Microwave/Wire/Beams/Yagis/Mobile) * Batteries * Equipment Testing/Troubleshooting * HF * Homebrewing * Mobile/Portable/Field Day * Novice/Tech Instruction * Power Supplies * RFI * Repeaters * Towers * UNIX * VHF * Volunteer Examiner (ARRL VEC) Massachusetts ARRL VE Contact ARRL Technical Specialist (Eastern Massachusetts) ARRL Instructor Elmer Sessions every Monday Night at my house. _________________________________________________________________ Ron Seiler VE7VVW ve7vvw@amsat.org r_seiler@junction.net AX.25: VE7VVW@VE7KOO.#SCBC.BC.CAN.NOAM Voice: +1 (250) 545-3124 FAX: +1 (250) 558-5454 4001 15th Crescent Vernon, BC V1T 7H5 CANADA * AMSAT * ATV AMSAT Area Coordinator for British Columbia Interior and Southern Alberta, Canada I operate low and high orbit satellites and some 9600 Baud digital sats. I built and operate the VE7VTV 1.2 GHz ATV Repeater in Vernon, British Columbia, Canada and have practical experience with 1.2 GHz ATV field operations. _________________________________________________________________ John D. Seney WD1V John D. Seney |_|_|_|_| john@wd1v.mv.com 144 Pepperidge Dr |_| |_| page 5956779@skymail.com Manchester, NH 03103-6150 |_|_ _|_| AX.25: WD1V@WB1DSW.NH.USA.NOAM voice mail +1 (617) 686-9882 | | | | | fax +1 (603) 627-1623 Free Macintosh Amateur Radio Test Simulators Available under: * ftp://ftp.barc.org/pub/hamradio/mac/theory-and-morse/ * http://www.mv.com/ipusers/wd1v/ Macnet Macintosh Amateur Radio Software Distribution Mac Computers + Hams + Radios = Macnet Software Available under: * ftp://ftp.barc.org/pub/hamradio/mac/ * http://www.mv.com/ipusers/wd1v or via First Class Mail on 10 New Disks for just $30.00 US (Each Stuffed with the Latest Self Extracting Public Domain or Freeware Versions - 800k Disks) Macnet Index by Disk: 1. Logs + Demos 2. DX + Contest 3. Education + Remote Control 4. Astronomy + FAX 5. Packet Terminals 6. Net/Mac TCP/IP + FAQ 7. Novice Test (or the Ham Test of Your Choice) 8. Satellite Trackers + Dove 9. C/C++ Programming Tutors 10. Macnet Roster ("Who's Who" of Hams w/ Macs) Send Check or Money Order - Outside USA Send $40.00 US All Orders Shipped within 48 Hours Maintainer of rec.radio.amateur.misc FAQ (Formerly maintained by Diana Syriac, KC1SP, and Ian Kluft, KO6YQ.) Available from: http://www.mv.com/ipusers/wd1v/hamradio.faq.html Send me an E-mail message with the words "HAM FAQ" on the subject line (or packet with your E-mail address) if you want the FAQ text file sent to you as an attached 120 KB file. Send me a formatted disk with SASE disk mailer if you want the FAQ text file sent to you on disk. PC or Mac formats are fine. (The majority of the original content of the FAQ remains the same, but now it's a hypertext document with hundreds of links to radio-related sites and is a significant resource to all students of amateur radio - regardless of their license status.) Maintainer of Digital Storage Scope FAQ Available from: http://www.mv.com/ipusers/wd1v/dsofaq.html or write me at my E-mail address above with: subscribe scope.faq in the Subject. Maintainer of Macintosh Amateur Radio Software List (Formerly maintained by Patty Winter, N6BIS and Terry Stader, KA8SCP.) http://www.mv.com/ipusers/wd1v/page7.html Please direct any submissions, feedback, or administrivia regarding these services to my E-mail address above. _________________________________________________________________ Frank Shears K7RMJ oak@texas.net +1 (210) 340-4034 314 Green Meadow San Antonio, TX 78213 USA * Antennas (HF/Wire/Beams/Yagis/Quads/Log Periodic/Design/Homebrew/Repair) * Antique and Older Equipment * CW * HF * Homebrewing * IBM PC's * 160 Meters * Power Supplies * QRP * Radio Control (RC) * RFI * RTTY * Electrical Safety * RF Safety I have over 30 years of professional experience in the telecommunications industry and have served professionally a number of times as a subject matter expert for the legal industry specializing in telephone and data communications. I am also pretty good at getting RF out of a telephone system. My first radio license was a Novice class in 1959 as KN7RMJ and I love CW!!! _________________________________________________________________ Brian Short K7ON k7on@qsl.net shortckt@primenet.com http://www.qsl.net/k7on/ +1 (602) 839-3484 1994 E Laguna Dr Tempe, AZ 85282 USA * AMTOR/PACTOR * CW * Equipment Testing/Troubleshooting * HF/Contesting * Homebrewing * IBM PC's * Internet Services * Packet and Digital Networking * SSTV Owner of BitBucket Mailing List BitBucket is a mailing list (reflector) devoted to specialized amateur radio communication techniques such as: * SSTV, ATV, FAX, APT, DSP * Packet, Pactor, GTOR, Clover, RTTY * R/C, Telemetry, Balloons, Rockets, Robotics * homebrew, modifications, interfacing, widgets, etc To subscribe, send E-mail to: majordomo@primenet.com and in the BODY of the message, write: SUBSCRIBE bitbucket As we encourage the free exchange of ideas, if you pay for E-mail service by the byte you may want to consider carefully before subscribing. BitBucket has NO organizational sponsors (I pay for it myself). Mailing Lists (Reflectors) at contesting.com: To subscribe, send E-mail to: majordomo@contesting.com with the following in the BODY of the message: subscribe listname where listname is one of the following: 3830 3830 Score Reporting Reflector 3830-digest amps RF Amplifier Discussion List amps-digest cq-contest CQ Contest Mailing List cq-contest-digest kids Kid's Day Operating Event Reflector kids-digest stewperry Stu Perry TopBand Distance Contest Reflector stewperry-digest svhfs SE VHF Society Mailing List svhfs-digest tentec TenTec Amateur Radio Mailing List tentec-digest topband Top Band Reflector topband-digest towertalk Tower Talk Reflector towertalk-digest trlog TRLog Mail Reflector trlog-digest yaesu Yaesu Amateur Radio Mailing List yaesu-digest yccc Yankee Clipper Contest Club Reflector yccc-digest Mailing Lists (Reflectors) at qth.net: To subscribe, send E-mail to: majordomo@qth.net with the following in the BODY of the message: subscribe listname where listname is one of the following: mfj-ameritron MFJ Enterprises and Affiliates Equipment gps Global Positioning System in Amateur Radio standard Standard Amateur Radio Products special-events Amateur Radio Special Events adi-premier Premier Communications Equipment repeaters Amateur Radio Repeaters ham-computers Computers in Amateur Radio tvi-rfi-emi Interference of All Types test-equipment Test Equipment yupi Yupiteri Industries Equipment (See also Alan Waller) Moderator of rec.radio.info Newsgroup Please direct all rec.radio.info submissions, feedback, and administrivia to rec-radio-info@contesting.com _________________________________________________________________ Dr. H. Paul Shuch N6TX n6tx@setileague.org 533 Liberty Street P.O. Box 555 Little Ferry, NJ 07643 USA Voice: +1 (201) 641-1770 FAX: +1 (201) 641-1771 Executive Director, The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) League, Inc. SETI League World-Wide Web Page: http://www.setileague.org/ "We Know We're Not Alone!" _________________________________________________________________ Mike Silva KK6GM mjsilva@ix.netcom.com Stuff I know: * Antennas * Circuitry (analog, digital, RF, tubes, semiconductors) * Construction * CW * Operation (HF, VHF/UHF) * Finding Parts _________________________________________________________________ Rein Smit W6/PA0ZN rein0zn@ix.netcom.com Earth-Moon-Earth (EME) and Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) World-Wide Web Page: http://www.nitehawk.com/rasmit/ _________________________________________________________________ Donald L. Smith KF7VU kf7vu@aol.com strikeinv@aol.com AX.25: KF7VU@KF7CK.UT.USA Voice: +1 (801) 224-9771 Work: +1 (435) 833-7584 FAX: +1 (801) 226-5602 110 North 800 West Orem, UT 84057 USA * ARES/RACES * AMTOR/PACTOR/RTTY * CW * Field Day * Novice/Tech Instruction * Electrical Safety * Scouting * Volunteer Examiner (ARRL and W5YI VEC) _________________________________________________________________ John Harvey Smith KE4KTO, AFA2MJ ke4kto@earthlink.net Voice: +1 (910) 674-0452 Work: +1 (910) 668-4410 ext 3307 5403 Forest Oaks Drive Greensboro, NC 27406-8317 USA * Antennas * ARES * IBM PC's * Internet Services * USAF MARS * Mobile/Portable * Novice/Tech Instruction * Packet And Digital Networking * Repeaters * SKYWARN * VHF/UHF I have considerable expertise in building and maintaining personal computers (PC's) as well as several years of experience in ARES, SKYWARN, and USAF MARS. I have also built my own antennas. _________________________________________________________________ Bill Sohl K2UNK billsohl@planet.net Voice: +1 (201) 691-8116 Budd Lake, NJ USA * Internet Services * Scouting * VHF * Volunteer Examiner (ARRL and W5YI VEC) ARRL Local Government Liaison _________________________________________________________________ J Rick Sohl KK5RIC, AFA4ZV (ex-WB5MPX, XE2JZL, et al) kk5ric@zia.net AX.25: WB5MPX@N5RKN.WTX.TX.USA ICQ#: 11195486 Voice/FAX (Texas): +1 (915) 550-7959 Voice/FAX (New Mexico): +1 (505) 354-7031 Cellular: +1 (915) 556-1877 2712 Halifax Ave. Odessa, Texas 79762-8004 USA HC 67, Box 157 Nogal, NM USA * ARES/RACES/SKYWARN * AMSAT * AMTOR * Antennas * Antique and Older Equipment * Batteries * CAP * Commercial Service Equipment * Equipment Testing/Troubleshooting * HF * Homebrewing * Internet Services * 160 Meters * Microwave * USAF MARS * Mobile/Portable/Field Day * Novice/Tech Instruction * Power Supplies * QRP * RFI * Repeaters * ATV * SSTV * Towers * VHF/UHF ARRL Technical Specialist I am a pilot (N6141F) with more than 10 years as air and ground search and rescue. Active in ARES, RACES, and Civil Air Patrol (CAP West 41). I also have a home in Alpine, Texas, USA. I have started doing a weekend or four-night amateur radio licensing class that works great. I use the ARRL video course and it works super. We watch the tapes, answer questions and then spend a three-hour session giving them practice Novice and Technician tests, then reviewing each question they missed. We have even had students that had studied at home and just did the last session for review. I now do four or six classes a year, some in Texas and some in New Mexico. _________________________________________________________________ John Springman, III KB3AWQ kb3awq@geocities.com breed@csrlink.net http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Hills/6569/ (includes local Fire Department and Ham Radio links) RR2 Box 95 Cogan Station, PA 17728 USA * ARES/RACES/SKYWARN * Antennas (VHF/UHF/Beams/Yagis/Quads) * Portable/Field Day * Repeaters Member, Lycoming County (Pennsylvania) ARES/RACES/SKYWARN Assistant EMA Coordinator for Lycoming and Hepburn Townships (Pennsylvania) _________________________________________________________________ Keith Sproul WU2Z Keith Sproul Ham Radio: WU2Z Student Housing Network Coordinator ksproul@noc.rutgers.edu Rutgers University Computing Service +1 (908) 445-3695 Work +1 (908) 445-2968 Fax http://www-ns.rutgers.edu/~ksproul +1 (908) 821-4828 Home North Brunswick, New Jersey Automated Position Reporting System (APRS) (See also Mark Sproul) _________________________________________________________________ Mark Sproul KB2ICI sproul@ap.org North Brunswick, New Jersey * Packet and Digital Networking Automated Position Reporting System (APRS) World-Wide Web Page: (WinAPRS, MacAPRS) http://aprs.rutgers.edu/ _________________________________________________________________ Max E. Stafford KD0EL staffordme@aol.com Voice: +1 (719) 488-9289 Work: +1 (719) 333-4137 P.O. Box 35 Palmer Lake, CO 80133 USA * Antennas (HF) * College Clubs * CW * Field Day * HF * Volunteer Examiner (ARRL VEC) Extra Class Station Trustee, USAF Academy Radio Club (K0MIC) Lab Chief, USAF Precision Measurement Equipment Laboratory (PMEL) _________________________________________________________________ Jim Stanley W6GH, AFA3CY, AFF3A jstanley@prairie.lakes.com Voice: +1 (507) 234-6216 Work: +1 (507) 835-6458 FAX: +1 (507) 835-6666 301 East Allyn Street Janesville, MN 56048-9202 USA * Antennas * Antique and Older Equipment * HF * Homebrewing * 160 Meters * MARS * RFI * RF Safety * VHF/UHF My vocation and avocation both deal with Radio Frequency transmission and propagation. I have spent considerable time working with RF safety issues as they pertain to broadcast radio, television, and now amateur stations. Presently I serve as Region 3 Administrative Assistant for Air Force MARS. Additionally, I serve as Activities Director and Chairman of the Field Day Committee for the Viking Amateur Radio Society (VARS). _________________________________________________________________ John Stannard KL7JL stannard@alaska.net fnjrs@aurora.alaska.edu AX.25: KL7JL@KL7JL.AK.USA.NOAM kl7jl@kl7jl.ampr.org +1 (907) 235-5449 HC 67 Box 888 Anchor Point, AK 99556-9702 USA Located near Homer, Alaska, USA * IBM PC's * Packet and Digital Networking ampr.org IP Coordinator for Alaska subnet (44.22.xxx.xxx) I run a JNOS full-service BBS, so if you need help with TCP/IP, I'll be glad to try to get you started. Any other help with packet radio will certainly be provided, too. I can help with most things regarding PC's, but I'm not a programmer. :-( [_Editor's note:_ All ampr.org coordinators are listed in the document at: ftp://ftp.ucsd.edu/hamradio/amprnets ] _________________________________________________________________ Art Steinke WB9JKZ artjez@webspun.com AX.25: WB9JKZ@WB9HMD.IL.USA.NA 105 Joyce Place Park Ridge, IL 60068 USA * Contesting/DX * Portable/Field Day * Scouting * Volunteer Examiner (ARRL VEC) * Youth Trustee, Northwest Amateur Radio Club, W9LM Trustee, Northwest Suburban Council Boy Scouts of America Club, W9BSA I specialize in helping youth in getting started in radio, including Radio Scouting. _________________________________________________________________ Richard A. Stern NW3N/EA8 richard.stern.1@gsfc.nasa.gov Voice: +1 (401) 968-1523 Work: +1 (804) 824-1736 14 Minden Ave. Crisfield, MD 21817-1524 USA * CW * Homebrewing * Internet Services * Novice/Tech Instruction * QRP * Reciprocal Licensing/Foreign Operation (Spain) * SETI * UNIX * Volunteer Examiner _________________________________________________________________ Ralph T. Stetson III KD1R, NNN0BBF rstetson@crossnet.org kd1r@together.net AX.25: KD1R@KD1R.#NWVT.VT.USA.NOAM http://www.together.net/~kd1r/ 943 Osgood Hill Rd. Westford, VT 05494 USA * 10-X International * ARES * BBS's * Field Day * Navy/Marine Corps. MARS * Novice/Tech Instruction * Packet and Digital Networking * Volunteer Examiner (ARRL VEC) ARRL Vermont Assistant Section Manager Volunteer with Red Cross in Emergency Communications and Disaster Relief Liaison for ARRL VE sessions in Burlington, VT (Serving all of VT and adjacent states monthly on the second Friday) I have regular classes set up for entry into Ham Radio in Essex Junction (Vermont) as part of the Essex Adult Education Program, and in conjunction with the Burlington ARC. We also offer free weekend classes at least three times a year. _________________________________________________________________ Jeff Stillinger KB6IBB - --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jeff Stillinger - KB6IBB js@ibbs.av.org PSC Box 3429 js@red-eft.la.ca.us Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA +1 (805) 258 7303 8N1 Flight Test Center, crashing aircraft so you don't have to. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://red-agnes.la.ca.us/~js/ For hams that are interested and live in my area, they are welcome to login to IBBS. IBBS is a full-time UNIX-based computer that is dedicated to ham radio. I carry a full rec.radio.* news feed and E-mail. There will never be a fee for anything. Over the past 10 years I have operated from 160 M - 23 CM and would be willing to answer any question a new person to the hobby has. If I don't know the answer, well, NASA is only two blocks away. :-) I live and work here at Edwards Air Force Base, CA. I am also very active in SAREX. _________________________________________________________________ Rich Stocking N7OP stocking@nps.navy.mil Voice: +1 (408) 644-0369 Work: +1 (408) 656-2538 589E Sampson Lane Monterey, CA 93940 USA * Antennas (HF/Wire) * College Clubs * Contesting * Homebrewing * IBM PC's * QRP * UNIX * Volunteer Examiner (ARRL and W5YI VEC) _________________________________________________________________ C. E. (Chuck) Strobel K6PBT k6pbt@cestro.com Maintainer of the K6PBT Dealer Directory: (For the Ham Radio/SWL/Electronics Enthusiast) DealerLinks: http://www.cestro.com/pcdealer/pcdlinks.html DealerEmail: http://www.cestro.com/pcdealer/pcdemail.html DX PacketCluster WebNet World-Wide Web Page: http://www.cestro.com/pcluster/ This is a very popular site for DX Cluster sysops and users alike. It contains cluster links, tutorial guides, GO-BBS info, the pcluster-l reflector archives, cluster utilities/databases, DXNODES directory, telnet guide, and more. Please direct any feedback, submissions, or administrivia regarding these resources to my E-mail address above. _________________________________________________________________ Phil Sussman N8PS pactor@dnaco.net Publisher of PACTOR News: http://www.dnaco.net/~pactor/ (Also contains links to other PACTOR-related sites) Speaker and Host of PACTOR Forum at Dayton Hamvention _________________________________________________________________ Anthony Sweeney W4VPI asweeney@bellatlantic.net +1 (540) 345-4239 2601 Bluefield Blvd. Roanoke, VA 24015 USA * Mobile _________________________________________________________________ (Continued in next part.) -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: 2.6.2 iQCVAwUBNjx07yROYYq72ea1AQHoFwP9E8bsEvNzijtQAEZpW58eaJGHi/Q8hNnX omtQhKi8V/HKD+zaj0I3Mvd5Ha9TKbMuiJEkCs8nTglSyovFa8cQ8rqhpjuRVkGQ rgwBdatNHKxE9LKaBg7dvuLrVG3fXllRiii5Rbcynjv4Snzit+JeTkfRuk6BSoRv EkXrKyd55QY= =c5I8 -----END PGP SIGNATURE-----